Room sealed boilers come in three variations when you classify them by flue type; balanced flue, positive pressure and negative pressure.
The balanced flue type is the easiest to recognize. It is has a great big rectangular grill sticking out the wall. They tend to be about a foot high, eight to ten inches wide and about three inches deep. If they are at ground level, officially anything under two metres, they need a protective guard around them as they can get pretty hot. It looks like, and is almost the size of, a metal shopping basket.
The other two look the same from the outside. The most common form, I would say covering over 95% is a 100 mm or 4 inches pipe with some sort of other pipe usually in the middle. It can look slightly different with the second pipe against the inside top of the outer pipe. Some boilers have some sort of diffuser so you can’t actually see the inner pipe.
The important difference between a boiler working on positive pressure and negative pressure, can only be seen inside the boiler. As incorrectly closing the boiler can be very dangerous, you must NOT open your boiler to find out. Nor should you open it for any other reason.
Some older boilers, the Potterton Netaheat is probably the most famous of them, had a positive pressure case. The boilers are designed in such a way, that the fan sucks air from the outside into the boiler, creating the positive pressure. This air will naturally flow to the burner area, and after reacting with the gas during the combustion, been blown outside.
Because the boiler case, which is in this case the combustion chamber as well, is under pressure, any damage to it can lead to the escape of toxic gasses including carbon monoxide. The same goes if the boiler is opened, and then not closed in the correct way, or if the seal is damaged. Sometimes, when the boiler ignites a bit slowly, the build up of gas mixture in the boiler can cause a miniature explosion. Nothing in itself to worry about, but it can distort the cover slightly. Repeat this dozens of times over the years, and you can have a very dangerous situation without anyone realising it. This is one of the main reasons why this type of boiler should be serviced every year.
The Potterton Netaheat was followed by the Netaheat Profile, which shortly after it’s launch was renamed simply Potterton Profile. It was very similar in design to the Potteron Netaheat, only the fan system was changed in such a way that it became negative pressure. Since then, virtually no boilers have been made with positive pressure cases.
Negative pressures boilers have the fan directly connected to the flue. This way, the pressure inside the boiler is a fraction lower than the “outside” pressure, which makes them inherently safe for leaking carbon monoxide and other harmful products of combustion.